Human miRNA

Human miRNA

Human microRNAs (miRNAs)

Human microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that orchestrate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, shaping essential biological pathways and disease mechanisms. As pivotal regulators, miRNAs are expressed in diverse tissues and cell types, circulating in body fluids and mediating intercellular communication. Their ability to target protein-coding transcripts places them at the center of networks governing development, homeostasis, and pathology.

Key Roles of Human miRNAs

  • Cellular Regulation: miRNAs modulate proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, and apoptosis, underpinning tissue development and repair.
  • Disease Association: Dysregulation of miRNAs is implicated in carcinogenesis, metabolic disorders, reproductive dysfunction, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Biomarker Potential: Distinct miRNA signatures serve as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer, respiratory diseases, and environmental exposures.
  • Therapeutic Targets: Advances in miRNA research highlight their promise in targeted therapies, including modulation of immune cell behavior in hypoxic tumors and airway diseases.

Recent Research Highlights

  • Cancer Immunology: miR-1250-5p regulates IGFBP2 in NK cells, influencing proliferation in hypoxic tumor microenvironments and offering new therapeutic avenues for hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Airway Differentiation: The miR-34c-5p–FOSL1 axis is crucial for airway epithelial cell differentiation and the prevention of squamous metaplasia, with implications for COPD and lung cancer.
  • Environmental Health: Exposure to phthalates leads to widespread miRNA dysregulation, affecting gene expression linked to reproductive, metabolic, and oncogenic pathways.

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