Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous and BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation^[1][2].

Adenosine (Adenine riboside) acts on four G-protein coupled receptors: two of them, A1 and A3, are primarily coupled to Gi family G proteins; and two of them, A2A and A2B, are mostly coupled to Gs like G proteins. These receptors are antagonized by xanthines including caffeine. Via these receptors it affects many cells and organs, usually having a cytoprotective function^[2].
Adenosine is an extracellular signaling molecule that is generated from its precursor molecules 5’-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 5’-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)^[3].
Adenosine is a common metabolite of ATP, which exhibits cytotoxic effects at high concentrations.Adenosine (1.0-4.0 mM; 12-24 hours) inhibits cell viability and triggers ER stress in HepG2 cells^[4].
Adenosine induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. Adenosine (2.0 mM; 12-24 hours) induces autophagy in HepG2 cells. In HepG2 cell lines, Adenosine -induced AMPK/mTOR pathway activation partially blocked ER stress and decreased apoptotic cell death^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

• [1]. Fredholm BB. Adenosine, an endogenous distress signal, modulates tissue damage and repair. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(7):1315-1323.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev. 2018;98(3):1591-1625.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Eltzschig HK. Adenosine: an old drug newly discovered. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(4):904-915.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Zhou XT, et al. Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep. 2019;41(2):829-838.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Wang Y, et al. Purinergic signaling: A gatekeeper of blood-brain barrier permeation. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 7;14:1112758.  [Content Brief]