Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero)) is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture. MS medium was originally formulated by Murashige and Skoog in 1962 to optimize tobacco callus bioassay system for facilitating the study of cytokinins. Since then, it is widely used for micro propagation, organ culture, callus culture and suspension culture. The formulation is a nutrient blend of inorganic salts, vitamins and amino acid.

Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS) provides all the essential macroelements and microelements. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate serves as a source of phosphate. Microelements like Boron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Copper and Zinc play vital role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. Thiamine, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, inositol act as enzymatic cofactors in universal pathways including glycolysis and TCA cycle along with primary and secondary metabolism in the plants. Glycine serves as a source of amino acid