Hyaluronic acid, low endotoxin [9004-61-9]

Hyaluronic acid, low endotoxin (Hyaluronan, low endotoxin) is a biopolymer composed of repeating disaccharide units containing low levels of endotoxin. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is synthesized on the plasma membrane. Hyaluronic acid exerts its effects by binding to receptors CD44 and RHAMM. Hyaluronic acid activates PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting or stimulating the binding of proteolytic MMP-9 to the cell surface. Elevated hyaluronic acid levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in digestive system cancers. Hyaluronic acid is involved in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in several physiological processes, including embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. Hyaluronic acid can be used as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid can be used as a drug delivery carrier for sodium butyrate, enhancing its anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell lines. Hyaluronic acid can lubricate the corneal endothelium. Hyaluronic acid can improve tissue hydration and enhance the resistance of cells to mechanical damage. Hyaluronic acid has been conjugated with antibodies to ensure that the active compound continues to exert its effects at the site of inflammation. Hyaluronic acid can be used in research in the fields of osteoarthritis, ophthalmology, cosmetic dermatology, oncology, and liver diseases^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely used in aesthetic medicine due to its binding ability with a large number of water molecules. It improves tissue hydration and their resistance to mechanical damage. HA plays an important role in wound healing, ovulation, fertilization, signal transduction, and tumor physiology. HA is used in joint diseases such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. HA of a high molecular mass reduces the chemotaxis and migration of inflammatory cells which acts as a good barrier to the inflammatory process and protects against the effects of free radicals. HA is used in ophthalmology due to its lubricating properties for the corneal endothelium, and improves tissue hydration and cellular resistance to mechanical damage in aesthetic dermatology, and has marginal adverse effects. Several trials indicate its role in tumor markers, liver diseases, and in pharmaceuticals^[1]. Hyaluronan plays an important role in cancer growth and metastasis. HA and HA fragment-tumor cell interaction could activate the downstream signaling pathways, promoting cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion, and inducing angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell-like property, and chemoradioresistance in digestive cancers^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Salwowska NM, et al. Physiochemical properties and application of hyaluronic acid: a systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016 Dec;15(4):520-526.   [Content Brief]

  [2]. Wu RL, et al. Hyaluronic acid in digestive cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan;143(1):1-16.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Kogan G, et al. Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Biotechnol Lett. 2007 Jan;29(1):17-25.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Coradini, D., et al., (1999). Hyaluronic acid as drug delivery for sodium butyrate: improvement of the anti-proliferative activity on a breast-cancer cell line. International journal of cancer, 81(3), 411–416.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Goa, K. L., & Benfield, P. (1994). Hyaluronic acid. A review of its pharmacology and use as a surgical aid in ophthalmology, and its therapeutic potential in joint disease and wound healing. Drugs, 47(3), 536–566.  [Content Brief]