Bladder cancer is a disease that forms in the tissues of the bladder, the sac-like organ located in the lower abdomen. It generally occurs in the elderly and represents a major health challenge, affecting individuals worldwide. This form of cancer originates in the inner lining of the bladder, called the urothelium, and has the potential to spread to other parts of the urinary system. Bladder cancer develops when cells in the bladder begin to multiply uncontrollably. Common symptoms include blood in the urine, pain when urinating and frequent urination.

There are different types of bladder cancer, including urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common type. Risk factors for bladder cancer include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, advanced age, male gender and a family history of bladder cancer.