Human small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a powerful tool in gene silencing, revolutionizing molecular biology research and therapeutic development. siRNA molecules are indispensable for studying gene roles, validating drug targets, and developing novel therapies for diseases including cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders.

Key Features and Applications of Human siRNA

• Targeted Gene Silencing:
  Human siRNA allows selective knockdown of disease-related genes, such as oncogenes like KRAS, which is mutated in over 85% of RAS-driven cancers including pancreatic and lung adenocarcinomas. Recent advances demonstrate the use of antibody-conjugated pan-KRAS mutant siRNA to effectively silence multiple KRAS mutations, showing promising tumor regression and enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity in preclinical models.
• Therapeutic Potential:
  siRNA therapeutics are gaining regulatory approvals, yet their unique physicochemical properties demand specialized preclinical evaluation distinct from small molecules or biologics. Understanding siRNA plasma protein binding and drug–drug interaction profiles is critical for safety and efficacy in clinical translation.
• Innovative Delivery Systems:
  Novel delivery platforms, such as exosome-based nanocarriers functionalized with targeting ligands, have been developed to enhance tumor-specific siRNA delivery. For example, exosome-encapsulated PD-L1 siRNA has shown significant tumor growth inhibition by modulating immune checkpoint pathways and tumor-associated macrophages, thereby improving immunotherapy outcomes.