Cholesterol (GMP Like) [57-88-5]
Referencia HY-N0322GL-500mg
embalaje : 500mg
Marca : MedChemExpress
| Descripciòn |
Cholesterol (GMP Like) is Cholesterol (HY-N0322) produced by using GMP like guidelines. GMP Like small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. |
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| Cellular Effect |
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| In Vitro |
GT1-7 hypothalamic cells subjected to Cholesterol depletion in vitro produced 20-31% reductions in cellular Cholesterol content. All Cholesterol-depleted neuron-derived cells, exhibit decreased phosphorylation/activation of IRS-1 and AKT following stimulation by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, or the neurotrophins (NGF and BDNF). Reduction in cellular Cholesterol also results in increased basal autophagy and impairment of induction of autophagy by glucose deprivation[1]. MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. |
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| In Vivo |
Cholesterol can be used to create models of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. The metabolic half-life of Cholesterol varies from a few hours to several years, depending on its association with different lipoproteins and the specific tissues in which it is located[4]. Background
Hyperlipidemia is a group of disorders characterized by elevated concentrations of circulating lipids, including cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides. If the intake of cholesterol is too much, and exceeds the body's metabolic capacity, it may lead to increased plasma cholesterol levels, causing hyperlipidemia.
Specific Modeling Methods
Rat: Wistar • male • 18-week-old (period: 8 weeks)
Administration: 2% cholesterol; diet • 8 weeks
Note
(1) Rats were housed in a room maintained at a 12-h light-dark cycle and a constant temperature of 22±2 °C
(2) Wistar rats were always chosen for hyperlipidemia studies since this species shows a moderate increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride level due to a high-cholesterol diet and no substantial atherosclerosis develops; therefore, the direct myocardial effect of hyperlipidemia, independent from atherosclerosis, can be studied in this model. Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: Significant increase in total cholesterol levels in blood samples (about 20%)
Correlated Product(s): /
Opposite Product(s): /
Background
High levels of cholesterol in the blood, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), can accumulate plaque on the walls of blood vessels, a process known as atherosclerosis. Over time, these plaques can block blood flow and cause serious health problems such as myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction.
Specific Modeling Methods
Rabbits: Oryctolagus cuniculus • male • 4-6-month-old (period: 16 weeks)
Administration: 0.3% cholesterol and 3% soybean oil; diet • 16 weeks
Note
(1) The cholesterol-fed rabbit is a widely used model for experimental atherosclerosis research as cholesterol only cause atherosclerotic changes in the rabbit arterial intima, which was very similar to human atherosclerosis.
(2) As the absorption of dietary cholesterol requires fat, you must add oil into the diet. Otherwise, rabbits will use their internal fat, which makes them lean or sick. In addition, using soybean oil, which consists of unsaturated fatty acids, can prevent the levels of plasma cholesterol from becoming too high. Other vegetable oils, such as peanut oil or corn oil, can be used because they are all unsaturated fatty acids. Animal fat (saturated fatty acids) like tallow and lard is not recommended. (3) 0.3-0.5% cholesterol diet is recommended for most experiments. Rabbits cannot tolerate a 1-2% cholesterol diet for a month as they develop severe liver dysfunction. (4) Adult rabbits at 4 months or older can consume approximately ~150 g a day. You can either feed ab libitum or restricted (100-150 g/day/adult rabbit). (5) Plasma lipids should be measured weekly, especially for the first 4 weeks, because you need to determine whether plasma levels of cholesterol are elevated in each animal. Non-responder rabbits can be excluded from the experiments if their plasma cholesterol levels do not increase after cholesterol diet feeding. (6) Plasma lipoproteins can be measured at 8 and 16 weeks when the plasma levels of cholesterol are stable. (7) The age of rabbits should be considered because young rabbits are more susceptible to aortic atherosclerosis than old rabbits even though they have similar plasma cholesterol levels. 4-6-month-old rabbits are usually used for cholesterol feeding experiments. (8) Male and female rabbits are different in terms of response to a cholesterol diet and atherosclerosis. In our experience, female rabbits develop higher hypercholesterolemia and greater aortic lesions than their counterpart male rabbits. In general, male rabbits are recommended for experiments because estrogen may influence the results. Modeling Indicators
Histological changes: atherosclerosis lesions can be seen on HE stained aortic arch and thoracic aorta segments
Correlated Product(s): Soybean oil (HY-108750)
Opposite Product(s): /
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. |
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| Peso molecular |
386.65 |
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| Fòrmula |
C27H46O |
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| No. CAS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES |
O[C@H](C1)CC[C@@]2(C)C1=CC[C@]3(23)[C@]2(23)CC[C@@]4(C)[C@@]3(23)CC[C@]4(23)[C@@H](CCCC(C)C)C |
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| Envío | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
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| Almacenamiento |
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis. |
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| Pureza y Documentación |